Java Quick Notes

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Java solves the problem of platform-independence by using byte code. The Java compiler does not produce native executable code for a particular machine like a C compiler would. Instead it produces a special format called byte  code.

But still Java programs that have been compiled into byte code need an interpreter to execute them on any given platform. The interpreter reads the byte code and translates it into the native language of the host machine on the fly.

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A Java virtual machine is software that is implemented on virtual and non-virtual hardware and on standard operating systems such as Windows, Linux, Solaris,Unix. A JVM provides an environment in which Java bytecode can be executed. JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms. The use of the same bytecode for all JVMs on all platforms allows Java to be described as a write once, run anywhere programming language.

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The stack is the memory set aside as scratch space for a thread of execution. When a function is called, a block is reserved on the top of the stack for local variables and some bookkeeping data. When that function returns, the block becomes unused and can be used the next time a function is called. The stack is always reserved in a LIFO order; the most recently reserved block is always the next block to be freed. This makes it really simple to keep track of the stack; freeing a block from the stack is nothing more than adjusting one pointer.

The heap is memory set aside for dynamic allocation. Unlike the stack, there's no enforced pattern to the allocation and deallocation of blocks from the heap; you can allocate a block at any time and free it at any time. This makes it much more complex to keep track of which parts of the heap are allocated or free at any given time;

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Instance Variables will be in Heap.

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Transient Variable is a variable which cannot be serialized .

For example if a variable is declared as transient in a Serializable  class and the class is written to an ObjectStream, the value of the variable can't be written to the stream
instead when the class is retrieved from the ObjectStream the value of the variable becomes null

public class userData {

     private transient String password;
}

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  Sample Img 6

final – constant declaration.

public static final String HOST_NAME = "yourhost":

finally – The finally block always executes when the try block exits, except System.exit(0) call.
This ensures that the finally block is executed even if an unexpected exception occurs. But finally is useful for more than just exception handling —
it allows the programmer to avoid having cleanup code accidentally bypassed by a return, continue, or break. Putting cleanup code in a finally
block is always a good practice, even when no exceptions are anticipated.

try {
} finally {
   out.close();
   conn.close();
}
 
finalize() – method helps in garbage collection. A method that is invoked before an object is discarded by the garbage collector,
allowing it to clean up its state. Should not be used to release non-memory resources like file handles, sockets,
database connections etc because Java has only a finite number of these resources and you do not know when the garbage collection
is going to kick in to release these non-memory resources through the finalize() method.

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An Abstract Class is class which contains Abstract methods, the methods without implementation. Abstract classes could not be instantiated , you need to create a subclass and provide implementation for these unimplemented classes. Please note an Abstract Class can exist without abstract methods, but your application design has to be reviewed and see why you create an Abstract class without an Abstract methods. Please see the example below.

Public abstract class A {
abstract void callme();
// concrete methods are still allowed in abstract classes
void callmetoo() {
System.out.println("This is a concrete method.");
}
}
Public class B extends A {
void callme() {
System.out.println("B's implementation of callme.");
}
}

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Nested classes are divided into two categories: static and non-static. Nested classes that are declared static are simply called static nested classes. Non-static nested classes are called inner classes.

Static nested classes are accessed using the enclosing class name:
OuterClass.StaticNestedClass
For example, to create an object for the static nested class, use this syntax:
OuterClass.StaticNestedClass nestedObject = new OuterClass.StaticNestedClass();
Objects that are instances of an inner class exist within an instance of the outer class. Consider the following classes:

class OuterClass {
    ...
    class InnerClass {
        ...
    }
}
An instance of InnerClass can exist only within an instance of OuterClass and has direct access to the methods and fields of its enclosing instance.

To instantiate an inner class, you must first instantiate the outer class. Then, create the inner object within the outer object with this syntax:

OuterClass.InnerClass innerObject = outerObject.new InnerClass();

8) Is an inner class able to access only Final Outer variables ?
Yes, Inner class could access only the “final” outer instance variables.

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Inner classes could access only the Final Outer Class Variables .

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"An anonymous class is essentially a local class without a name."

As you will see from the sample program in this lesson, anonymous class definitions are often included as arguments to method calls.

Button buttonC = new Button("C");

buttonC.addMouseListener(new MouseListener()
{//begin class definition
//Instance initialize
{System.out.println(
"Anonymous class C name: " +
getClass().getName());}
As is the case for an object of a member class or a local class(an inner class) (discussed in previous lessons), an object of an anonymous class must be internally linked to an object of the enclosing class.

Thus, an anonymous class is truly an inner class, because an object of the anonymous class cannot exist in the absence of an object of the enclosing class.

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"OutofmemoryError" error occurs when JVM is unable to allocate Memory for creating any
new variables while performing some task.

This could be solved in by following steps:

i) First and foremost, check the memory settings of your application (JVM), if there is
any scope to increase the Memory settings, please change those, if not you may need to
tune the application. So first please review the Memory Parameters i.e. "-Xmx. -Xmx" values,
usually you could find these in SetEnv bat (or .sh) file or you could also  provide these as
System (-D) parameters to JVM.

-Xmn512M -Xms1024M

ii) Tune the application by using some Profilers such as JProfilier or Optimize it and make sure
all Unused objects are reachable to Garbage Collectors by setting the NULL value to
garbage-collect them.

iii) Use soft Or Weak references to avoid this as shown below.
     private  SoftReference<byte[]> bufferRef;

iv) Close all Database Connections and File IO streams properly in Finally block as
shown below and avoid connection leaks.
     try{
        } finally {
          con.close();
     }
v) Close all IO streams which are used for performing File operations such as filinputsteam
 or filinputsteam.
          FileInputStream fin = null;
     try{ 
         fin = new FileInputStream(file)
        } finally {
          fin.close();
     }
vi) See if you could use Object Pool instead of creating unlimited new Objects.

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An Error "indicates serious problems that a reasonable application should not try to catch."

An Exception "indicates conditions that a reasonable application might want to catch."

In fact it is a bad idea to use a try-catch clause for Errors. Most often, recovery from an Error is not possible & the program should be allowed to terminate. Examples include OutOfMemoryError, StackOverflowError, etc.

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Checked exceptions are generally those from which a program can recover & it might be a good idea to recover from such exceptions programmatically. Examples include FileNotFoundException, ParseException, etc. A programmer is expected to check for these exceptions by using the try-catch block or throw it back to the caller

On the other hand we have unchecked exceptions. These are those exceptions that might not happen if everything goes well, but they do occur. Examples include ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException, ClassCastException, etc. Many applications will use try-catch or throws clause for RuntimeExceptions & their subclasses but from the language perspective it is not required to do so. These should be resolved by following good Coding standards and having code reviews ect.,

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A thread is an independent path of execution within a program. Many threads can run concurrently within a program. Every thread in Java is created and controlled by the java.lang.Thread class. A Java program can have many threads, and these threads can run concurrently, either asynchronously or synchronously.

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  Sample Img 15

• Threads are lightweight compared to processes
• Threads share the same address space and therefore can share both data and code
• Context switching between threads is usually less expensive than between processes
• Cost of thread intercommunication is relatively low that that of process intercommunication
• Threads allow different tasks to be performed concurrently.

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There are two ways to create thread in java;

• • Implement the Runnable interface (java.lang.Runnable)
  • By Extending the Thread class (java.lang.Thread)

class RunnableThread implements Runnable {
        Thread runner;
        public RunnableThread(String threadName) {
                runner = new Thread(this, threadName);
                runner.start();
        }
        public void run() {
        }
}
class MyThread extends Thread {
        MyThread() {
        }
        MyThread(String threadName) {
                super(threadName); // Initialize thread.
                start();
        }
        public void run() {
        }
}

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• New: A new thread begins its life cycle in the new state. It remains in this state until the program starts the thread. It is also referred to as a born thread.
• Runnable: After a newly born thread is started, the thread becomes runnable. A thread in this state is considered to be executing its task.
• Waiting: Sometimes a thread transitions to the waiting state while the thread waits for another thread to perform a task.A thread transitions back to the runnable state only when another thread signals the waiting thread to continue executing.
• Timed waiting: A runnable thread can enter the timed waiting state for a specified interval of time. A thread in this state transitions back to the runnable state when that time interval expires or when the event it is waiting for occurs.
• Terminated: A runnable thread enters the terminated state when it completes its task or otherwise terminates.

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A race condition occurs when the order of execution of two or more threads may affect
some variable or outcome in the program. It may turn out that all the different possible
thread orderings have the same final effect on the application: the effect caused by the race
condition may be insignificant, and may not even be relevant.

Synchronized keyword can be applied to static/non-static methods or a block of code to make
your code Thread Safe. Only one thread at a time can access synchronized methods and if
there are multiple threads trying to access the same method then other threads have to
wait for the execution of method by one thread. Synchronized keyword provides a lock
on the object and thus prevents race condition.

public void synchronized method(){} 
public void synchronized staticmethod(){}
public void myMethod(){
            synchronized (this){           
            }
}

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public class DataReader  {
 private static final ReentrantReadWriteLock readWriteLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
 private static final Lock read = readWriteLock.readLock();
 private static final Lock write = readWriteLock.writeLock();
 public static void loadData() {
  try {
   write.lock();
   loadDataFromTheDB());
  } finally {
   write.unlock();
  }
 }
 
 public static boolean readData() {
  try {
   read.lock();
   readData();
  } finally {
   read.unlock();
  }
 }

 public static List loadDataFromTheDB() {
     List list = new ArrayList();
  return list;
 }

    public static void readData() throws DataServicesException {
     //Write reading logic
    }
}

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Java Thread Executor is simple Java Framework which is based on "Master-Slave
architectural design pattern" allows us to perform multiple tasks asynchronously
for better performance. In general Tasks are logical units of work, and threads
are a mechanism by which tasks can run asynchronously. Also this Framework
takes the Overhead of managing the Threads and its priorities and frees you from them.

By decoupling the task submission from execution, we can easily change or specify
execution policies, such as
• execution order, how many tasks are allowed to run concurrently
 and how many are queued, etc.

Here is the Simple Example :

Step 1 : Create an "ExecutorService" with Number of Thread you would like to have.

  //Let us start the Worked Threads
                ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(NTHREDS);
               
Step 2 : Create a Worker Thread, which actually perform the given task, your Worker Thread perform different tasks,

public class EmailSender  implements Runnable {
        String message;
        EmailSender  (String message) {
                this.message = message;
        }
        public void run() {
                try {
                        sendEmail(message);
                } catch (Exception e) {
                        // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                        e.printStackTrace();
                }
        }
       
    private static void sendEmail(String message2)  {
          System.out.println("Sending Email" + message);
    }
}

Step 3 : Assign these Tasks to Executor

        //Let us start the Worked Threads
                ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(NTHREDS);
                for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
                        DateRange dateRange = new DateRange();
                        Runnable worker = new BatchRunnable(dateRange);
                        executor.execute(worker);
                }
               
Step 4: Terminate the Executor by invoking the LifeCycle methods

                // This will make the executor accept no new threads
                // and finish all existing threads in the queue
                executor.shutdown();

                // Wait until all threads are finish
                while (!executor.isTerminated()) {

                } 

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There is a difference between join() and sleep(). join() will wait until the timeout expires or the thread finishes. sleep() will just wait for the specified amount of time unless interrupted. So it is perfectly possible for join() to return much faster than the specified time.

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A thread-local variable effectively provides a separate copy of its value for each thread
that uses it. Each thread can see only the value associated with that thread, and is unaware
that other threads may be using or modifying their own copies.

Because thread-local variables are implemented through a class, rather than as part of the
Java language itself, the syntax for using thread-local variables is a bit more clumsy than for
language dialects where thread-local variables are built in.

To create a thread-local variable, you instantiate an object of class ThreadLocal. In following
Example "userName" is stored in a ThreadLocal.

Please note this really useful to Cache Some Data per a Request.

public class YourDataHolder {
   private static ThreadLocal dataVariable = new ThreadLocal();
   private static YourDataHolder dataHolderVar ;
   private YourDataHolder() {
   }
   public void storeDataToThreadLocal (String userName) {
    dataVariable.set(userName);
   }
   public String readDataFromThreadLocal ()  {
    if (dataVariable.get() != null) {
        return (String) dataVariable.get();
    }
   }
   public static ServiceVersionHolder getInstance () {
    if (dataHolderVar == null) {
     dataHolderVar = new YourDataHolder();
    }
    return dataHolderVar;
   }
}

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Vectors are synchronized. Any method that touches the Vector's contents is thread safe. ArrayList, on the other hand, is unsynchronized, making them, therefore, not thread safe. With that difference in mind, using synchronization will incur a performance hit. So if you don't need a thread-safe collection, use the ArrayList

A Vector defaults to doubling the size of its array, while the ArrayList increases its array size by 50 percent. Depending on how you use these classes, you could end up taking a large performance hit while adding new elements. It's always best to set the object's initial capacity to the largest capacity that your program will need. By carefully setting the capacity, you can avoid paying the penalty needed to resize the internal array later.

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You could use "Map.Entry", which is key-value pair of the Map.

Below is the e.g.

  Map<String,String> empmapNew = new HashMap<String,String>();
  empmapNewput("68688","Jones");
  empmapNew.put("777777","Smith");
 
  Set s = empmapNew.entrySet();
  for(Iterator i = s.iterator();i.hasNext();){
   Map.Entry me = (Map.Entry)i.next();
   System.out.println(me.getKey() + " : " + me.getValue());
  }

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A Hashtable is one implementation of that interface, for the "old" days when it was thought that having everything synchronized is a good idea (ref. Vector). It offers "kind of" thread-safety, if you know what you are doing. If you are serious about a map which can be used from multiple threads you should absolutely check out the ConcurrentHashMap and ConcurrentSkipListMap.

A HashMap is almost the same as a Hashtable, but with the synchronization removed. It's the preferred general-purpose Map implementation.

HashSet does not allow duplicate values. It provides add method rather put method. You also use its contain method to check whether the object is already available in HashSet. HashSet can be used where you want to maintain a unique list.

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"Collections" could be used to perfome some operations like "sort()" , "synchronizedList()" etc., this uses "Command Design Pattern".

Collections.sort(questionVOList.getQuestionList(), new QuestionVOComparator());

 public static class QuestionVOComparator implements Comparator {
  @Override
     public int compare(Object o1, Object o2) {
         return ((QuestionVO)o1).getQuestionIdAsInt() - ((QuestionVO)o2).getQuestionIdAsInt();
     }
 }

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  Sample Img 27

 There are Four types of JDBC Drivers

Type1 - JDBC-ODBC bridge plus ODBC driver(Bridge):
The JDBC type 1 driver, also known as the JDBC-ODBC bridge, is a database driver
implementation that employs the ODBC driver to connect to the database. The driver
converts JDBC method calls into ODBC function calls. As a result, this kind of driver
 is most appropriate on a corporate network where client installations are not a major
 problem, or for application server code written in Java in a three-tier architecture.

Type 2 - Native-API partly-Java driver(Native):
The JDBC type 2 driver, also known as the Native-API driver, is a database driver
implementation that uses the client-side libraries of the database. The driver converts
JDBC method calls into native calls of the database API.This kind of driver converts
JDBC calls into calls on the client API for Oracle, Sybase, Informix, IBM DB2, or other DBMSs.

Type 3 - JDBC-Net pure Java driver(Middleware):
The JDBC type 3 driver, also known as the Pure Java Driver for Database Middleware, is a
database driver implementation which makes use of a middle tier between the calling
program and the database. The middle-tier (application server) converts JDBC calls
directly or indirectly into the vendor-specific database protocol. This driver translates
JDBC calls into a DBMS-independent net protocol, which is then translated to
a DBMS protocol by a server.

Type 4 - Native-protocol pure Java driver(Pure):
The JDBC type 4 driver, also known as the Direct to Database Pure Java Driver, is a database
driver implementation that converts JDBC calls directly into a vendor-specific database protocol.

This kind of driver converts JDBC calls directly into the network protocol used by DBMSs.
This allows a direct call from the client machine to the DBMS server and is an excellent
solution for intranet access.

So Driver categories 3 and 4 are the preferred way to access databases using the JDBC API.

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For SQL statements that are executed repeatedly, using a PreparedStatement object would almost always be faster than using a Statement object. This is because creating a PreparedStatement object by explicitly giving the SQL statement causes the statement to be precompiled within the database immediately. Thus, when the PreparedStatement is later executed, the DBMS does not have to recompile the SQL statement and prepared an execution plan - it simply runs the statement.

Typically, PreparedStatement objects are used for SQL statements that take parameters. However, they can also be used with repeatedly executed SQL statements that do not accept parameters.

    PreparedStatement updateTotal = null;
    String updateStatement = "update " + dbName + ".COFFEES " +
        "set TOTAL = TOTAL + ? " +
        "where COF_NAME = ?";

    try {
        con.setAutoCommit(false);
        updateTotal = con.prepareStatement(updateStatement);

        for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> e : salesForWeek.entrySet()) {
            updateTotal.setInt(1, e.getValue().intValue());
            updateTotal.setString(2, e.getKey());
            updateTotal.executeUpdate();
            con.commit();
        }
    } catch (SQLException e ) {}

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By using callable statements , we could invoke Stored Procedures by using JDBC.

CallableStatement cs = null;
cs = this.con.prepareCall("{call SHOW_SUPPLIERS}");
ResultSet rs = cs.executeQuery();

// Read the out parameter like this
while (rs.next()) {
    String supplier = rs.getString("SUP_NAME");
    String coffee = rs.getString("COF_NAME");
    System.out.println(supplier + ": " + coffee);
}

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Consider a scenario where we have a huge database table with (say 1 million records),
and the requirement is to display those records in your application UI, how could we
do this.

The challenge in this is that Querying DB tables with huge set of records it will take more
time to iterate the records from DB and more over we get OutOfMemory error if we load
such a huge ResultSet into JVM memory.

To avoid these kind of issues, better set the ResultSet FetchSize to appropriate number
so that your JDBC Statement would fetch only that number of records.

 rs.setFetchSize(fetchSize);

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An application(basically application server) is said to be leaking connection, if it acquires a connection and does not close it within specified time period. If this feature is enabled, the application server detects these potential connection leaks and dumps the leak tracing logs to server logs (you have to enable JDBC logs by using Admin console). Looking at the logs the user can figure out which application is leaking connection and fix the issues with application, if exists.

We can avoid these connection leaks by reviewing code with the help of logs and close all the connections properly as shown below.

try{ }catch (Exception e){
                                         e.printStackTrace();
                                  } finally {
                                        if (rs != null) {
                                                rs.close();
                                        }
                                        if (con != null) {
                                                con.close();
                                        }
                               }

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  Sample Img 32

Two-phase commit is a transaction protocol designed for the complications that arise with distributed resource managers. With a two-phase commit protocol, the distributed transaction manager employs a coordinator to manage the individual resource managers.

The commit process proceeds as follows:
Phase 1
Each participating resource manager coordinates local operations and forces all log records out:
If successful, respond "OK"
If unsuccessful, either allow a time-out or respond "OOPS"
Phase 2
If all participants respond "OK":
Coordinator instructs participating resource managers to "COMMIT"
Participants complete operation writing the log record for the commit
Otherwise:
Coordinator instructs participating resource managers to "ROLLBACK"
Participants complete their respective local undos.

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 1) Turn off auto-commit for better performance, especially when you use callable statements
    or just querying database.
    conn.setAutoCommit(false);
 2) Use the PreparedStatement object for overall database efficiency.
     When you use a PreparedStatement object to execute a SQL statement, the statement is
     parsed and compiled by the database, and then placed in a statement cache.
 3) Use PreparedStatements for batching repetitive inserts or updates.
     With Oracle, you can choose standard JDBC batching using the addBatch() and executeBatch()
     methods, or you can choose Oracle's proprietary method, which is faster, by utilizing the
    OraclePreparedStatement's setExecuteBatch() method along with the standard executeUpdate()
    method.

  To use Oracle's proprietary batching mechanism, call setExecuteBatch() as follows:    
       PreparedStatement pstmt3D null;
          try {
              ((OraclePreparedStatement)pstmt).setExecuteBatch(30);
              pstmt.executeUpdate();
       }
4) Create Indexes on your Database Bases.
 5) Use DataBase Views instead of using tables for quering.
 6)Set the dataBase PageSize properly to appropriately value.
 7) The higher the level of transaction protection, the higher the performance penalty.
 Transaction levels in order of increasing level are:
 TRANSACTION_NONE,
 TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED, TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED, TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ,
 TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE. Use Connection.setTransactionIsolation() to set the desired
 tansaction level.
8)  The default autocommit mode imposes a performance penalty by making every database
    command a separate transaction. Turn off autocommit (Connection.setAutoCommit(false)),
        and explicitly specify transactions.
    Use Connection.setReadOnly(true) to optimize read-only database interactions.

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JDBC batch update is a collectively called when a group of SQL statements are executed simultaneously to a database as a single unit.
 The batch is sent to the database in a single request using connection object. The advantage of batch is to reduce the network calls between the
 front end application and its database rather  than executing single SQL statement.  Please take a look at the example below.

  con = DriverManager.getConnection(url + db, user, pass);
  con.setAutoCommit(false);// Disables auto-commit.
  st = con.createStatement();
  st.addBatch("update person set cname='Smith' where id='1'");
  st.addBatch("update person set cname='Dave' where id='2'");
  st.addBatch("update person set cname='Chris' where id='3'");
  st.executeBatch();
  String sql = "select * from person";
  rs = st.executeQuery(sql);
  System.out.println("No Name");
  while (rs.next()) {
  System.out.print(rs.getString(1) + " \t");
  System.out.println(rs.getString(2));
  }
  rs.close();

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A BLOB (Binary Large OBject) is essentially an array of bytes (byte[]), stored in the database. You extract the data in two steps:

    Call the getBlob method of the PreparedStatement class to retrieve a java.sql.Blob object
    Call either getBinaryStream or getBytes in the extracted Blob object to retrieve the java byte[] which is the Blob object.
 
         PreparedStatement stmnt = conn.prepareStatement("select aBlob from BlobTable");
         // Execute
         ResultSet rs = stmnt.executeQuery();
         while(rs.next())
         {
            try
            {
               // Get as a BLOB
               Blob aBlob = rs.getBlob(1);
               byte[] allBytesInBlob = aBlob.getBytes(1, (int) aBlob.length());
            }
            catch(Exception ex)
            {
            }
         }
       rs.close();
       stmnt.close();

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 You got to use "BeanUtils" for this purpose , this is really helpful when you want generalize some solution.  

FromBean fromBean = new FromBean("fromBean", "fromBeanAProp");
  ToBean toBean = new ToBean("toBean", "toBeanBProp");
  try {
      BeanUtils.copyProperties(toBean, fromBean);
  } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
   e.printStackTrace();
  } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
   e.printStackTrace();
  }
 

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  Sample Img 37

Serialization is the process of converting a set of object instances that contain references to each other into a linear stream of bytes,
which can then be sent through a socket, stored to a file, or simply manipulated as a stream of data. Serialization is the mechanism used by
Objects would be passed between JVMs, either as arguments in a method invocation from a client to a server or as return values from a method invocation.

The object which is to be serialzed should implement "Serializable" interface.

 class PersonDetails implements Serializable
 
We use ObjectOutputStream to Serialize the Objects,  please take a look at colored code snippet below.

   FileOutputStream fos = null;
  ObjectOutputStream out = null;
  try {
   fos = new FileOutputStream(filename);
   out = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
   out.writeObject(list);
   out.close();
   System.out.println("Object Persisted");
  } catch (IOException ex) {
   ex.printStackTrace();
  }

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You have log in into your App server console and take a look at the JNDI tree and see if this Object is being added to JNDI tree .

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A ServerSocket generally operates in a loop that repeatedly accepts connections. Each pass through the loop invokes the accept( ) method,
This returns a Socket object representing the connection between the remote client and the local server.

Sample :

 ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(5776);
 while (true) {
   Socket connection = server.accept(  );
   OutputStreamWriter out
    = new OutputStreamWriter(connection.getOutputStream(  ));
   out.write("You've connected to this server. Bye-bye now.\r\n");       
   connection.close(  );
 }

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Ans)

Normally, a server runs on a specific computer and has a socket that is bound to a specific port number. The server just waits,
listening to the socket for a client to make a connection request.

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The ServerSocket class contains everything you need to write servers in Java. It has constructors that create new ServerSocket
objects, methods that listen for connections on a specified port, and methods that return a Socket object when a connection is made
so that you can send and receive data.

Example :

ServerSocket httpd = new ServerSocket(80);

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Ans)

• 
  Sample Img 42

A ServerSocket generally operates in a loop that repeatedly accepts connections. Each pass through the loop invokes the accept( ) method.
This returns a Socket object representing the connection between the remote client and the local server.

ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(5776);
 while (true) {
   Socket connection = server.accept(  );
   OutputStreamWriter out
    = new OutputStreamWriter(connection.getOutputStream(  ));
   out.write("You've connected to this server. Bye-bye now.\r\n");       
   connection.close(  );
 }
 
 

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• 
  Sample Img 43

TCP/IP model is a suite of protocol named after its most significant pair of protocols the Transmission Control
Protocol and Internet Protocol. It is made of five layers, each layer is responsible for a set of computer network
related tasks. Every layer provides service to the the layer above it.

It has the following Layers

application
transport
network /internet
data link
physical

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Ans)

The UDP protocol provides a mode of network communication whereby applications send packets of data, called datagrams,
to one another.

A datagram is an independent, self-contained message sent over the network whose arrival, arrival time,
and content are not guaranteed. The DatagramPacket and DatagramSocket classes in the java.net package implement system-independent
datagram communication using UDP.

DatagramPacket receivePacket = new DatagramPacket(receiveData, receiveData.length);
          serverSocket.receive(receivePacket);

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